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Selected Conferences
1.
3rd International Workshop on Detection and Classification of Marine Mammals using Passive Acoustics
Presented poster:
Using Simulation to Design Passive Acoustic Monitoring Systems
(23 MB).
Bibliography
@article{Roman2013, abstract = {Passed in 1972, the Marine Mammal Protection Act has two fundamental objectives: to maintain U.S. marine mammal stocks at their optimum sustainable populations and to uphold their ecological role in the ocean. The current status of many marine mammal populations is considerably better than in 1972. Take reduction plans have been largely successful in reducing direct fisheries bycatch, although they have not been prepared for all at-risk stocks, and fisheries continue to place marine mammals as risk. Information on population trends is unknown for most (71\%) stocks; more stocks with known trends are improving than declining: 19\% increasing, 5\% stable, and 5\% decreasing. Challenges remain, however, and the act has generally been ineffective in treating indirect impacts, such as noise, disease, and prey depletion. Existing conservation measures have not protected large whales from fisheries interactions or ship strikes in the northwestern Atlantic. Despite these limitations, marine mammals within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone appear to be faring better than those outside, with fewer species in at-risk categories and more of least concern.}, author = {Roman, Joe and Altman, Irit and Dunphy-Daly, Meagan M and Campbell, Caitlin and Jasny, Michael and Read, Andrew J}, doi = {10.1111/nyas.12040}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/Downloads/nyas12040.pdf:pdf}, issn = {1749-6632}, journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}, keywords = {endangered species act,marine mammal protection act,marine mammals,status and trends,stock}, month = may, number = {1}, pages = {29--49}, pmid = {23521536}, title = {{The Marine Mammal Protection Act at 40: status, recovery, and future of U.S. marine mammals.}}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23521536}, volume = {1286}, year = {2013} } @article{Kastelein2011, abstract = {Helicopter long range active sonar (HELRAS), a "dipping" sonar system used by lowering transducer and receiver arrays into water from helicopters, produces signals within the functional hearing range of many marine animals, including the harbor porpoise. The distance at which the signals can be heard is unknown, and depends, among other factors, on the hearing sensitivity of the species to these particular signals. Therefore, the hearing thresholds of a harbor porpoise for HELRAS signals were quantified by means of a psychophysical technique. Detection thresholds were obtained for five 1.25 s simulated HELRAS signals, varying in their harmonic content and amplitude envelopes. The 50\% hearing thresholds for the different signals were similar: 76 dB re 1 $\mu$Pa (broadband sound pressure level, averaged over the signal duration). The detection thresholds were similar to those found in the same porpoise for tonal signals in the 1-2 kHz range measured in a previous study. Harmonic distortion, which occurred in three of the five signals, had little influence on their audibility. The results of this study, combined with information on the source level of the signal, the propagation conditions and ambient noise levels, allow the calculation of accurate estimates of the distances at which porpoises can detect HELRAS signals.}, author = {Kastelein, Ronald a and Hoek, Lean and de Jong, Christ a F}, doi = {10.1121/1.3605541}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/Downloads/JAS000679.pdf:pdf}, issn = {1520-8524}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, keywords = {Acoustic Stimulation,Acoustics,Acoustics: instrumentation,Aircraft,Animals,Audiometry,Auditory Threshold,Male,Noise,Phocoena,Phocoena: physiology,Psychoacoustics,Signal Detection, Psychological,Sound Spectrography,Time Factors,Transducers}, month = aug, number = {2}, pages = {679--82}, pmid = {21877781}, title = {{Hearing thresholds of a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) for helicopter dipping sonar signals (1.43-1.33 kHz) (L).}}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21877781}, volume = {130}, year = {2011} } @inproceedings{Frankel2002, author = {Frankel, A.S. and Ellison, W.T. and Buchanan, Jacquin}, booktitle = {Oceans '02 MTS/IEEE}, doi = {10.1109/OCEANS.2002.1191849}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/Downloads/01191849.pdf:pdf}, isbn = {0-7803-7534-3}, pages = {1438--1443}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {{Application of the Acoustic Integration Model (AIM) to predict and minimize environmental impacts}}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=1191849}, year = {2002} } @techreport{UltraElectronics2013, author = {{Ultra Electronics}}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ultra Electronics - Unknown - The AnSSQ-565 Sonobuoy.pdf:pdf}, title = {{The An/SSQ-565 Sonobuoy}}, url = {http://www.ultra-ms.com}, year = {2013} } @article{Weston1989, author = {Weston, David E}, doi = {10.1121/1.398713}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/Downloads/JAS001530.pdf:pdf}, issn = {00014966}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, number = {4}, pages = {1530}, title = {{Wind effects in shallow-water acoustic transmission}}, url = {http://link.aip.org/link/JASMAN/v86/i4/p1530/s1\&Agg=doi}, volume = {86}, year = {1989} } @unpublished{Porter2011, abstract = {BELLHOP is a beam tracing model for predicting acoustic pres- sure fields in ocean environments. The beam tracing structure leads to a particularly simple algorithm. Several types of beams are imple- mented including Gaussian and hat-shaped beams, with both geomet- ric and physics-based spreading laws. BELLHOP can produce a vari- ety of useful outputs including transmission loss, eigenrays, arrivals, and received time-series. It allows for range-dependence in the top and bottom boundaries (altimetry and bathymetry), as well as in the sound speed profile. Additional input files allow the specification of directional sources as well as geoacoustic properties for the bounding media. Top and bottom reflection coefficients may also be provided. BELLHOP is implemented in Fortran,Matlab, and Python and used on multiple platforms (Mac, Windows, and Linux). This report describes the code and illustrates its use. 1}, address = {La Jolla, CA}, author = {Porter, Michael B}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/Downloads/HLS-2010-1.pdf:pdf}, institution = {Heat, Light, and Sound Research, Inc.}, pages = {1--57}, title = {{The BELLHOP Manual and User’s Guide (Preliminary Draft)}}, url = {http://esme.bu.edu/data/papers/HLS-2010-1.pdf}, year = {2011} } @techreport{MSMT2012, abstract = {The United States Navy is required to assess potential effects of Navy-generated anthropogenic sound in the water in order to comply with federal environmental laws and regulations, including the National Environmental Policy Act, Executive Order 12114, the Marine Mammal Protection Act, and the Endangered Species Act. The acoustic effects assessment for Phase II of the Tactical Training Theater Assessment and Planning Program uses quantitative analysis methodology to estimate acoustic exposures on designated marine fauna, which include marine mammals and sea turtles. This report describes the process used to determine the number of modeled acoustic exposures for marine mammals and sea turtles as a result of the Navy’s training and testing in the Atlantic Fleet Training and Testing Study Area.}, address = {Newport, RI}, author = {MSMT}, file = {:/corti.bu.edu/hrc-backup/ESME Workbench/NAEMO Documentation/2012 Atlantic Fleet Training and Testing/Marine Species Modeling Team 2012.pdf:pdf}, institution = {Naval Undersea Warfare Center}, isbn = {4018321791}, number = {March}, pages = {108}, title = {{Determination of Acoustic Effects on Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles for the Atlantic Fleet Training and Testing Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement}}, url = {http://esme.bu.edu/data/papers/MSMT2012.pdf}, year = {2012} } @inproceedings{Gisiner1998, author = {Gisiner, Robert C}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/Downloads/anthropogenic\_noise.pdf:pdf}, number = {February}, title = {{Workshop on the Effects of Anthropogenic Noise in the Marine Environment}}, url = {http://esme.bu.edu/data/papers/anthropogenic\_noise.pdf}, year = {1998} } @article{Siderius2006, abstract = {Solar disturbances are observed to have significant effects in near-Earth space. Over the past half-century of observation, a relatively clear picture has developed of how and why the typical solar wind - as well as the most extreme solar events - drive geospace responses. It is clear that magnetospheric substorms, geomagnetic storms (both recurrent and aperiodic events), and even certain atmospheric chemical changes have their origins in the solar-terrestrial coupling arena. High-speed solar wind streams and fast coronal mass ejections (CMEs) can often have strong interplanetary shock waves and southward magnetic fields which can initiate strong storm responses. We demonstrate in this review that available modem space-observing platforms and ground facilities allow us to trace drivers from the Sun to the Earth's atmosphere. This allows us to assess quantitatively the energy transport that occurs throughout the Sun-Earth system during both typical and extreme conditions. Hence, we are continuously improving our understanding of "space weather" and its effects on human society. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.}, author = {Siderius, M. and Houser, D.}, doi = {10.1109/JOE.2006.874617}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/Downloads/01645238.pdf:pdf}, issn = {0364-9059}, journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering}, month = jan, number = {1}, pages = {2--3}, publisher = {Spon}, title = {{Guest Editorial: Effects of Sound on the Marine Environment (ESME)}}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=1645238}, volume = {31}, year = {2006} } @inproceedings{Siderius2009, abstract = {Federal agencies are required to estimate the impact to the environment resulting from major federal actions. The U.S. Navy is required to prepare environmental impact statements (EISs) for a number of its training ranges, in part, due to the controversial nature of the sonar systems used at these sites. Over the past several years these EISs have been prepared by both government agencies and by contractors. This multi-institution approach has led to different methodologies being used to estimate impacts on marine mammals. Different impact estimates and confusion as to the real risk posed by a particular sonar system has resulted. As part of the Office of Naval Research program on the effects of sound on the marine environment (ESME), we have been assembling state-of-the-art modeling software to provide the Navy and the Public the best risk assessment tools currently available. One of the challenges to this effort is determining which approaches provide the best estimates of risk and which are practical to implement. Related to this is the development of an objective set of metrics to make such evaluations. In this presentation we will describe the risk modeling methodologies and the metrics being used for analysis in the ESME model.}, author = {Siderius, Martin and Houser, Dorian and Hernandez, Daniel and Porter, Michael}, booktitle = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/Downloads/JAS002483.pdf:pdf}, number = {4}, organization = {Dept. of Elect. and Comput. Eng., Portland State Univ., 1900 SW 4th Ave., Portland, OR 97201, siderius@pdx.eduBIOMIMETICA, Santee, CA 92071HLS Res. Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037.}, pages = {2518}, pmid = {19354631}, title = {{Methods for computing the impact of sonar on the marine environment.}}, url = {http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal\&id=JASMAN000125000004002518000003\&idtype=cvips\&gifs=yes}, volume = {125}, year = {2009} } @article{Gisiner2006, abstract = {Effects of Sound on the Marine Environment (ESME) is a computer model of the effects of underwater sound on marine life. The modular design behind the ESME model is motivated by the sonar equation, with subcomponent models for characterization of the source, for modeling of sound transmission through a medium, and for receiver properties (e.g., hearing abilities, behavioral responses to sound, and receiver distribution and abundance). Each subcomponent of ESME is intended to capture the current state of understanding in the relevant scientific field and to be capable of being updated as the understanding in the field advances. ESME is envisioned to have three primary applications: 1) retrospective studies of historical data, 2) predictive modeling of anticipated outcomes from a given scenario of sound in a marine environment, and 3) prescriptive guidance for research investments and efforts that will likely have the greatest effect on increasing confidence in decisions about underwater sound use and its effects}, author = {Gisiner, Robert C. and Harper, Scott and Livingston, Ellen and Simmen, Jeffrey}, doi = {10.1109/JOE.2006.872212}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/Downloads/01645239.pdf:pdf}, issn = {03649059}, journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering}, keywords = {acoustics,environment,marine mammals,model,noise}, number = {1}, pages = {4--7}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {{Effects of sound on the marine environment (ESME): an underwater noise risk model}}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs\_all.jsp?arnumber=1645239}, volume = {31}, year = {2006} } @article{Hildebrand2004, abstract = {Anthropogenic sound is created in the ocean both purposefully and unintentionally. The result is noise pollution that is high-intensity and acute, as well as lower-level and chronic. The locations of noise pollution are along well-traveled paths in the sea and particularly encompass coastal and continental shelf waters. Increased use of the sea for commercial shipping, geophysical exploration, and advanced warfare has resulted in a higher level of noise pollution over the past few decades. Informed estimates suggest that noise levels are at least 10 times higher today than they were a few decades ago. A long-term monitoring program is needed to track future changes in ocean noise. Acoustic data should be included in global ocean observing systems now being planned by U.S. and international research foundations. Data from these monitoring systems should be openly available, and accessible to decision makers in industry, in the military, and in regulatory agencies. In tandem, a database should be developed to collect, organize and standardize data on ocean noise measurements and related anthropogenic activities. Currently, data regarding shipping, seismic exploration, oil and gas production, and other marine activities are either not collected or are difficult to obtain and analyze because they are maintained by separate organizations. Marine noise measurements and anthropogenic source data should be used to develop a global model of ocean noise. An important component of model development is better understanding of the characteristics for anthropogenic noise sources such as commercial shipping, arigun arrays, and military sonar. Research should be conducted relating the overall levels of anthropogenic activity (such as the types and numbers of vessels) with the resulting noise.}, author = {Hildebrand, John}, doi = {10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.11.041}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/Downloads/hildebrand.pdf:pdf}, issn = {0025326X}, journal = {Report to the Policy on Sound and Marine Mammals An International Workshop US Marine Mammal Commission and Joint Nature Conservation Committee UK London England}, number = {2}, pages = {1--16}, pmid = {15737366}, title = {{Sources of Anthropogenic Sound in the Marine Environment}}, url = {http://mmc.gov/sound/internationalwrkshp/pdf/hildebrand.pdf}, volume = {50}, year = {2004} } @article{Schecklman2011, abstract = {Concern about the impact of sound on marine mammals has increased over the last decade, causing governments to take a more rigorous look at the potential impact of activities that introduce sound into the ocean. Environmental Impact Statements (EIS's) can be prepared using differing analysis methods to estimate the impact on marine mammals. To assess consistency in assessment methods, differences in the base assumptions were investigated; in particular, differences that arise between assumptions of dynamic marine mammals (animat method) and static distributions of marine mammals (static distribution method). Using several ocean environment scenarios and species, it is demonstrated that differences consistently arise between the two methods. The static distribution method underestimates the number of behavioral harassments compared with the animat method. Repeating many simulations with the animat method provides a robust risk assessment, provides a measure of variability, and allows the probability of "spurious events" to be estimated.}, author = {Schecklman, Scott and Houser, Dorian and Cross, Matthew and Hernandez, Dan and Siderius, Martin}, doi = {10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.03.002}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/Downloads/1-s2.0-S0141113611000432-main.pdf:pdf}, issn = {1879-0291}, journal = {Marine environmental research}, keywords = {Animals,Cetacea,Cetacea: physiology,Environmental Monitoring,Environmental Monitoring: methods,Noise,Noise: adverse effects,Oceans and Seas,Risk Assessment,Risk Assessment: methods,Seawater,Seawater: chemistry,Water Pollution,Water Pollution: analysis,Water Pollution: statistics \& numerical data}, month = jun, number = {5}, pages = {342--50}, pmid = {21531454}, title = {{Comparison of methods used for computing the impact of sound on the marine environment.}}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21531454}, volume = {71}, year = {2011} } @mastersthesis{seal, author = {Barlas, M. E.}, school = {Boston University}, title = {{The distribution and abundance of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) and gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) in Southern New England, Winter 1998-Summer 1999}}, year = {1999} } @article{chen, author = {Chen, Chen-Tung}, doi = {10.1121/1.381646}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Chen - 1977 - Speed of sound in seawater at high pressures.pdf:pdf}, issn = {00014966}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, number = {5}, pages = {1129}, title = {{Speed of sound in seawater at high pressures}}, url = {http://link.aip.org/link/jasman/v62/i5/p1129/s1}, volume = {62}, year = {1977} } @article{houser, author = {Houser, D.S.}, doi = {10.1109/JOE.2006.872204}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Houser - 2006 - A Method for Modeling Marine Mammal Movement and Behavior for Environmental Impact Assessment.pdf:pdf}, issn = {0364-9059}, journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering}, month = jan, number = {1}, pages = {76--81}, title = {{A Method for Modeling Marine Mammal Movement and Behavior for Environmental Impact Assessment}}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=1645245}, volume = {31}, year = {2006} } @techreport{porpoise, author = {NMFS}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/NMFS - 2011 - Harbor Porpoise Gulf of Maine Bay of Fundy Stock.pdf:pdf}, institution = {National Marine Fisheries Service}, title = {{Harbor Porpoise: Gulf of Maine/ Bay of Fundy Stock}}, url = {http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/sars/ao2011poha-gmeb.pdf}, year = {2011} } @article{parks, abstract = {The impact of anthropogenic noise on marine mammals has been an area of increasing concern over the past two decades. Most low-frequency anthropogenic noise in the ocean comes from commercial shipping which has contributed to an increase in ocean background noise over the past 150 years. The long-term impacts of these changes on marine mammals are not well understood. This paper describes both short- and long-term behavioral changes in calls produced by the endangered North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) and South Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena australis) in the presence of increased low-frequency noise. Right whales produce calls with a higher average fundamental frequency and they call at a lower rate in high noise conditions, possibly in response to masking from low-frequency noise. The long-term changes have occurred within the known lifespan of individual whales, indicating that a behavioral change, rather than selective pressure, has resulted in the observed differences. This study provides evidence of a behavioral change in sound production of right whales that is correlated with increased noise levels and indicates that right whales may shift call frequency to compensate for increased band-limited background noise.}, author = {Parks, Susan E and Clark, C W and Tyack, P L}, doi = {10.1121/1.2799904}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Parks, Clark, Tyack - 2007 - Short- and long-term changes in right whale calling behavior the potential effects of noise on acoustic communication.pdf:pdf}, issn = {1520-8524}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, keywords = {Adaptation,Animal,Animals,Canada,Computer-Assisted,Echolocation,Noise,Perceptual Masking,Physiological,Ships,Signal Processing,Sound Spectrography,Time Factors,Transportation,Transportation: adverse effects,Vocalization,Whales,Whales: physiology}, month = dec, number = {6}, pages = {3725--31}, pmid = {18247780}, title = {{Short- and long-term changes in right whale calling behavior: the potential effects of noise on acoustic communication.}}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18247780}, volume = {122}, year = {2007} } @article{porter, author = {Porter, Michael B}, doi = {10.1121/1.395269}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Porter - 1987 - Gaussian beam tracing for computing ocean acoustic fields.pdf:pdf}, issn = {00014966}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, number = {4}, pages = {1349}, title = {{Gaussian beam tracing for computing ocean acoustic fields}}, url = {http://link.aip.org/link/JASMAN/v82/i4/p1349/s1\&Agg=doi}, volume = {82}, year = {1987} } @article{hillson, author = {Shyu, H.J. Haw-jye and Hillson, Roger}, doi = {10.1109/JOE.2006.872209}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Shyu, Hillson - 2006 - A Software Workbench for Estimating the Effects of Cumulative Sound Exposure in Marine Mammals.pdf:pdf}, issn = {0364-9059}, journal = {IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering}, month = jan, number = {1}, pages = {8--21}, title = {{A Software Workbench for Estimating the Effects of Cumulative Sound Exposure in Marine Mammals}}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=1645240}, volume = {31}, year = {2006} } @article{humpback, author = {Stevick, PT and Allen, J and Clapham, PJ and Friday, N and Katona, SK and Larsen, F and Lien, J and Mattila, DK and Palsb\o ll, PJ and Sigurj\'{o}nsson, J and Smith, TD and \O ien, N and Hammond, PS}, doi = {10.3354/meps258263}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Stevick et al. - 2003 - North Atlantic humpback whale abundance and rate of increase four decades after protection from whaling.pdf:pdf}, issn = {0171-8630}, journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series}, pages = {263--273}, title = {{North Atlantic humpback whale abundance and rate of increase four decades after protection from whaling}}, url = {http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v258/p263-273/}, volume = {258}, year = {2003} } @techreport{gdem, author = {{US Navy and Lockheed Martin}}, institution = {U.S. Navy}, title = {{GDEM-V QAV Analysis and Delivery (N62306-08-F-7504)}}, year = {2009} } @techreport{dbdb, author = {{US Navy and Lockheed Martin}}, institution = {U.S. Navy}, title = {{DBDB-V Version 5.4 QAV Analysis and Delivery (N62306-08-F-7504)}}, year = {2009} } @techreport{bst, author = {{US Navy and Lockheed Martin}}, institution = {U.S. Navy}, title = {{Bottom Sediments Type Database Version 2.0 QAV Analysis and Delivery of Repacked BST 2.0 databases (N62306-08-F-7504)}}, year = {2009} } @techreport{smgc, author = {{US Navy and Planning Systems Inc.}}, institution = {U.S. Navy}, title = {{SMGC V2.0 QAV Analysis and Delivery (N0014-94-D-CC04)}}, year = {2004} } @article{Collins1993, abstract = {A split-step Pad\'{e} solution is derived for the parabolic equation (PE) method. Higher-order Pad\'{e} approximations are used to reduce both numerical errors and asymptotic errors (e.g., phase errors due to wide-angle propagation). This approach is approximately two orders of magnitude faster than solutions based on Pad\'{e} approximations that account for asymptotic errors but not numerical errors. In constrast to the split-step Fourier solution, which achieves similar efficiency for some problems, the split-step Pad\'{e} solution is valid for problems involving very wide propagation angles, large depth variations in the properties of the waveguide, and elastic ocean bottoms. The split-step Pad\'{e} solution is practical for global-scale problems.}, author = {Collins, Michael D.}, doi = {10.1121/1.406739}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Collins, Collins - 1993 - A split-step Padé solution for the parabolic equation method.pdf:pdf}, issn = {00014966}, journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, keywords = {43.30.Bp,43.30.Dr,43.30.Ma}, number = {4}, pages = {1736}, title = {{A split-step Padé solution for the parabolic equation method}}, url = {http://link.aip.org/link/jasman/v93/i4/p1736/s1}, volume = {93}, year = {1993} } @article{DAmico2009, author = {D'Amico, Angela and Pittenger, Richard}, doi = {10.1578/AM.35.4.2009.426}, file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Graham Voysey/Downloads/Full Text.pdf:pdf}, issn = {01675427}, journal = {Aquatic Mammals}, keywords = {anti-submarine warfare,asw,mfas,mid-frequency active sonar,whales}, month = dec, number = {4}, pages = {426--434}, title = {{A Brief History of Active Sonar}}, url = {http://www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org/index.php?option=com\_content\&view=article\&id=146:a-brief-history-of-active-sonar\&catid=35:volume-35-issue-4\&Itemid=93}, volume = {35}, year = {2009} }
last modified 11:00, 10 Nov 2014
